MDMA
PsicoestimulantesC61-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine
Estructura molecular
Datos: PubChem CID 1615 — National Library of Medicine
Efectos
Mecanismo de acción
Entra a las neuronas a través de los transportadores de monoaminas. Una vez dentro, inhibe el transportador vesicular de monoaminas (VMAT), causando aumento de neurotransmisores citoplásmicos. Revierte la dirección de los transportadores de membrana (DAT, SERT, NET), provocando liberación masiva de serotonina (principalmente), dopamina y noradrenalina al espacio sináptico. La serotonina liberada produce empatía; la dopamina, euforia.
Vida media
Vida media de eliminación de 6-9 horas. Farmacocinética no lineal: la saturación de CYP2D6 a dosis altas causa aumentos desproporcionados en concentración plasmática, incrementando el riesgo de toxicidad.
Toxicidad
IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a schedule I controlled substance. Ecstasy is the popular name for the illicit drug MDMA and is widely used at dance parties. It is usually consumed orally in tablet or capsule form. MDMA acts as both a stimulant and psychedelic, producing an energizing effect, as well as distortions in time and perception and enhanced enjoyment from tactile experiences. HUMAN STUDIES: Acute toxic effects of MDMA include hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, metabolic acidosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and rhabdomyolysis. These effects can lead to multiorgan failure and death. The level of hyperthermia predicts the potential for survival. MDMA produces cardiovascular effects similar to those seen with methamphetamine, including an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Serious sequelae can occur from electrolyte abnormalities seen in MDMA abuse and overdose. Hyponatremia from inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production and increased free water intake has been described in several case reports of significant cerebral edema and subsequent death. Acute hepatotoxicity has been described as a consequence of MDMA use. An acute hepatitis pattern with lymphocytic infiltration of hepatic parenchyma is seen. Over the course of a week following moderate use of the drug, many MDMA users report feeling a range of emotions, including anxiety, restlessness, irritability, and sadness that in some individuals can be as severe as true clinical depression. Similarly, elevated anxiety, impulsiveness, and aggression, as well as sleep disturbances, lack of appetite, and reduced interest in and pleasure from sex have been observed in regular MDMA users. MDMA has been implicated as a cause of amnesic syndrome associated with severe ataxia. Chronic use of MDMA has been implicated in sleep disorders and mood changes. Cognitive deficits such as memory recall were also seen in users of MDMA even after 6 months of abstinence. Eye
Farmacología
Anfetamina entactógena que produce empatía, euforia, estimulación sensorial y cercanía emocional. Aprobada por FDA (2024) como terapia asistida para TEPT. Neurotoxicidad serotoninérgica con uso repetido. Riesgos agudos: hipertermia, hiponatremia, hepatotoxicidad, síndrome serotoninérgico. Duración de 3-5 horas con postefectos de 24-48 h.
Efectos en el organismo
Farmacocinética
Vida media de eliminación de 6-9 horas
1-2 horas
3-6 horas
30-60 minutos (oral)
Oral: ~70-80%
Hígado
Renal (65% como metabolitos)
3-5 L/kg
Cronología farmacocinética
Riesgos para la salud — Calculadora de dosis
Advertencias
- Riesgo de muerte por hipertermia maligna
- Evitar ambientes calurosos y ejercicio intenso
- Hidratación moderada - riesgo de hiponatremia
- No usar en personas con problemas cardiovasculares
- Potencial neurotóxico con uso repetido
Combinaciones peligrosas
Riesgo Individual (IPRS)
Moderado
IPRS v4 · escalar normalizado [0, 1]
ModeradoModelo IPRS calculado: 20 de octubre de 2018
Fuentes de datos de dosificación
Los rangos de dosificación fueron compilados a partir de Goodman & Gilman's (14ª ed.), Rang & Dale (9ª ed.) y publicaciones indexadas en PubMed. Los valores representan promedios poblacionales para la vía de administración principal y no consideran variabilidad individual, tolerancia, peso corporal ni interacciones.